The fire extinguishers they are fundamental devices for the prevention and management of emergencies in the workplace, public buildings and domestic environments. Knowing use a fire extinguisher correctly it can make the difference between an easily controllable fire and a dangerous situation for people and structures.
According to Italian legislation on fire safety, the presence of adequate fire extinguishers and training on their use represent essential elements for the prevention of fires. The indications given in this guide are based on guidelines of the National Fire Brigade, on the provisions of Legislative Decree 81/2008 and technical standards UNI relating to the maintenance of fire extinguishers.
In this article we will see how to use a fire extinguisher, what types exist, when to use it and what the regulatory obligations are for companies and professional activities.
Why it is important to know how to use a fire extinguisher
A fire can develop and spread very quickly. In the early stages, however, it can often be controlled with the use of a portable fire extinguisher.
Fire extinguishers are designed to intervene immediately on small outbreaks, preventing the fire from spreading and causing more serious damage.
Correct use of fire extinguishers allows you to:
- reduce the risk for those present
- limit damage to structures and equipment
- contain the spread of flames
- intervene promptly before help arrives
For this reason, Italian legislation on safety in the workplace provides that workers receive specific training on fire prevention.
Fire classes: knowing the type of fire
Before using a fire extinguisher it is essential to understand what type of fire is developing. Fires are classified into different categories based on the material involved.
The main fire classes are:
Class A
Fires involving solid combustible materials such as:
- wood
- paper
- fabrics
- plastic
Class B
Flammable liquid fires such as:
- petrol
- solvents
- paints
- fuel oils
Class C
Flammable gas fires such as:
- methane
- LPG
- propane
Class D
Combustible metal fires (less common in civilian environments).
F class
Cooking oil and fat fires.
The fire classification is also indicated on the extinguisher label and allows you to choose the most suitable device to extinguish the flames effectively and safely.
The main types of fire extinguishers
Not all fire extinguishers work the same. There are different types designed to deal with specific types of fire.
Powder extinguishers
The powder extinguishers they are among the most widespread thanks to their versatility.
They are suitable for fires:
- class A
- class B
- class C
The extinguishing powder interrupts the chemical reaction of combustion and suffocates the flames.
The main advantages are:
- high effectiveness
- use on different types of fire
- good shutdown ability
For this reason they are often installed in companies, offices, warehouses and commercial activities.
CO₂ (carbon dioxide) fire extinguishers
The CO₂ extinguishers they are particularly suitable for fires involving electrical equipment.
They are used especially in the presence of:
- electrical panels
- server
- computers
- electronic equipment
Carbon dioxide works by reducing the oxygen necessary for combustion and has the advantage of do not leave residues, avoiding damage to electronic devices.
Foam fire extinguishers
The foam fire extinguishers They are especially effective against fires involving flammable liquids.
They are suitable for:
- fuels
- solvents
- industrial oils
The foam forms a layer that isolates the fuel from oxygenpreventing the flames from reigniting.
How to use a fire extinguisher correctly
Know how to use a fire extinguisher correctly it is essential to guarantee an effective and safe intervention.
The procedures below are also generally taught in fire training courses required by workplace safety legislation.
1. Assess the situation
Before using a fire extinguisher it is necessary to check that:
- the fire is small in size
- the environment is safe to intervene
- is available a clear escape route
If the fire is already extensive or uncontrollable, the priority must be move away from the area and contact emergency services.
2. Take the fire extinguisher and remove the safety catch
The fire extinguishers are equipped with a safety plug which prevents accidental activation.
To use it you need:
- grab the fire extinguisher by the handle
- remove the safety by pulling the ring
- hold the device correctly
At this point the fire extinguisher is ready for use.
3. Direct the jet towards the base of the flames
One of the most common mistakes is pointing the extinguisher at the top of the fire.
In reality it is necessary:
- direct the jet at the base of the flames
- maintain a safe distance of approx 2 or 3 meters
- approach gradually if necessary
Turning off the fire base allows you to stop the combustion process.
4. Press the dispensing lever
Pressing the fire extinguisher lever activates the release of the extinguishing agent.
During dispensing it is advisable:
- make movements from right to left
- cover the entire surface affected by the fire
- maintain a stable and safe position
This technique allows you to smother the flames evenly.
5. Check that the fire is completely extinguished
Even after having apparently put out the fire it is important:
- check that there are no residual outbreaks
- check for any spots that are still hot
- stay at a safe distance
In some cases combustible materials can turn back on after a few minutes.
Mistakes to avoid when using fire extinguishers
Despite their simplicity of use, there are some frequent errors that can compromise the effectiveness of the intervention.
Among the most common we find:
- use a fire extinguisher not suitable for the type of fire
- spray the jet in the wrong direction
- get too close to the flames
- use unserviced or unloaded fire extinguishers
A correct one fire training and periodic maintenance of fire extinguishers significantly reduce these risks.
Regulations on fire extinguishers in the workplace
In Italy, the management of fire extinguishers is regulated by precise safety regulations.
The Legislative Decree 81/2008 establishes the obligation for the employer to adopt fire prevention measures and equip workplaces with adequate fire prevention devices.
Among the main obligations we find:
- installation of fire extinguishers appropriate to the risk
- correct signaling of fire-fighting devices
- training of emergency management workers
- periodic maintenance of fire-fighting equipment
The methods of maintenance of fire extinguishers are defined by technical standard UNI 9994-1, which establishes the controls and checks to be carried out over time.
Maintenance of fire extinguishers: mandatory checks
For a fire extinguisher to be effective it must be always working perfectly.
For this reason the legislation provides for different maintenance phases.
Periodic check
Periodic inspection is generally carried out every six months and is used to verify:
- the state of the fire extinguisher
- the internal pressure
- the presence of signs
- the accessibility of the device
Review
The inspection consists of a thorough check of the fire extinguisher and the extinguishing charge.
The frequency varies based on the type of fire extinguisher.
Testing
The test concerns the fire extinguisher tank and verifies its resistance to pressure over time.
These checks ensure that the device is always ready for use in case of emergency.
Correct positioning of fire extinguishers
The positioning of fire extinguishers is also a fundamental element for safety.
Fire extinguishers must be:
- easily visible
- installed along escape routes
- marked with appropriate fire prevention signs
- free from obstacles
Correct positioning allows you to quickly locate the device in case of fire.
The importance of firefighting training
The presence of fire extinguishers alone is not sufficient. It is essential that staff know how to use them correctly in emergency situations.
Firefighting training teaches:
- recognize the different classes of fire
- use fire extinguishers correctly
- manage evacuation procedures
- coordinate emergency operations
These skills allow you to intervene with greater safety and reduce risks for people and structures.
Sources and normative references
The information in this article is based on official guidance and regulations relating to fire safety, including:
- National Fire Brigade – guidelines on fire prevention
- Legislative Decree 81/2008 – safety in the workplace
- UNI 9994-1 – control and maintenance of fire extinguishers
- information materials INAIL on fire safety
Conclusion
The fire extinguishers they represent an essential tool for emergency management and fire prevention.
To ensure their effectiveness it is essential:
- know how to use a fire extinguisher correctly
- install devices appropriate to the risk
- carry out one periodic maintenance compliant with regulations
- train staff on safety procedures
Investing in fire safety means protect people, work environments and production activities, reducing the risk of accidents and material damage.
